Hydrocephalus

The following is for general educational purposes only. I no longer accept referrals for hydrocephalus or shunts.

Hydrocephalus refers to the accumulation of excess spinal fluid within the brain. Spinal fluid serves to cushion and lubricate the brain. It circulates within fluid-filled cavities called ventricles that empty down into the spinal canal and over the surface of the brain. If there is a blockage within the ventricles or a problem with absorbing spinal fluid, pressure can build up inside the brain.

There are many causes of hydrocephalus, ranging from head trauma to infection to brain hemorrhages. In some cases, a cause is never identified. Hydrocephalus is usually diagnosed by a careful review of your history, symptoms, and physical examination along with a brain scan - usually a CT scan or an MRI. Sometimes a lumbar puncture is needed.

Symptoms of hydrocephalus may include headaches, vision changes, nausea, trouble with balance, bladder incontinence, and lethargy (sleepiness), among others.

Hydrocephalus is usually treated with surgery. Surgical options include endoscopic third ventriculostomy and (more commonly) placement of a shunt.

A shunt is a small catheter that is inserted into the ventricles in the brain. It connects to a valve and then drains through silicone tubing to another part of the body - usually the abdomen - where the spinal fluid is absorbed. The shunt sits entirely beneath the skin. Relief of hydrocephalus symptoms is usually rapid after placement of a shunt.